In their article, “The K factor as a suppressor variable,” they published the development of all three basic “validity” scales, L, F, and K. In a highly regarded and remarkably thought-provoking talk, Meehl and Hathaway (1946 republished in Dahlstrom & Dahlstrom, 1980) detailed their efforts to quantify the potentially distorting effects of such biases and attitudes. They felt, therefore, that the scales they had developed had to have measured adjustments to “correct” for these biases. ![]() One alternative was for the clinician to make approximate judgmental efforts to avoid unfortunate over-interpretations of the scores of self-critical respondents as well as serious under-interpretations of the scores of guarded and defensive respondents, but this introduced an unacceptable amount of error in the unreliability of such judgments. ![]() Rather immediately in the development of the basic MMPI scales – in the early 1940’s – it became apparent that answering such an array of personal items is inevitably subject to biases from the varied attitudes and approaches that subjects take.
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